Date- 04-Sept-2023
Documents-
Any material in which human thoughts can be recorded on a flat surface.
Types of documents-
Traditional (Books, manuscripts)
Periodicals and serials (journals)
Non-traditional (thesis, dissertations, reports, pamphlets)
Non-books (Photo productions, sound records, films, musical scores, maps, atlas, charts, illustrations, electronic items(CD-ROM)
Problems of documents/ Nature of documents-
Growth due to information explosions doubles in 7 years.
The growth of information on all aspects of documents.
Publications in various languages.
Complexity of thought content and multidisciplinary in nature.
Other factors such as colour, size, publication date, etc. also add to their paper utilization problem.
Arrangement of documents-
Documents can be arranged in various ways in the library. They can be arranged by author, title, or by subject. On a few occasions, they can be arranged by size. The arrangements mainly depend upon the reader's needs.
J Mills - Modern outline of Library classifications.
This book provides the different factors in book arrangements.
Age of reader. (children’s books, adult books)
Conditions for use. (reference books)
Size of the books. (small size, oversize)
Subject content. (most commonly followed)
Languages. (foreign languages, regional languages)
Manuscripts and rare books.
Periodicals and bound volumes.
Inculabula. (early printed books)
Local history collections.
Gift collection or donations.
Approaches of the reader-
The reader may approach a document in a library based on different criteria.
Author approached-
Undoubtedly as simple provided the reader knows about the author's name, arrangements of documents by author’s name are not helpful in the library.
Title approached-
Arrangement of documents by title is not helpful in the library. Since,
(i) Title may change in different editions.
(ii) Different books may be published under the same titles.
Subject approached-
Arrangement of documents by subject in the library is most helpful among the other approaches. The reader may not remember either the author's name or the title of the book but he can always approach the subject. Therefore subject approach is the best way of arranging books in the library.
Classifications-
Classification is inherent to human thought. Whatever we do in our everyday lives is based on the logic of classification.
For example-
(i) types of food.
(ii) types of cloths.
Richardson- Classification made the ape a man.
Philosophers and Logicians led the foundation of classification.
The basis for differentiating and distinguishing between one thing (idea) from another led to the foundation of classification.
They tried to formulate the general principle on which knowledge could be divided or classified and suggested various schemes of classifications.
Classification definition-
Classification word originated from a Latin word ‘classis’ which refers to a group of persons possessing certain qualities in common as well as belonging to the same class.
Classification in the general sense-
This deals with ideas, objects, persons, etc.
Library classifications-
This mostly deals with documents in the library. Classification is a separating as well as a grouping process based on characteristics. Classification collects like things and separates, unlike things. But Library classification is generally a separating phenomenon.
Characteristics-
The idea or quality on the basis of which is determined the likeness or unlikeness by which individuals are grouped or separated is called the characteristic.
For example-
Population can be divided into males and females, based on the characteristics of sex.
Kinds of characteristics-
Natural
If the characteristics are natural the classification becomes natural classification.
Example-
Students can be divided by their characteristics ‘academic status’, which gives rise to Undergraduates, Graduates, and Postgraduates.
Natural characteristics make the classification natural and permanent.
Artificial
If the characteristics are artificial the classification becomes artificial classification.
Example- dividing books by their characteristics size, colour, etc.
Artificial characteristics make the classifications Artificial and temporary.
5-sept-2023
Aristotle gave 5 predicables.
Definition
Genus (species)
Difference
Property
Accident
Definition-
It signifies the essence of a thing that is, A set of fundamental attributes that are necessary and sufficient for a concrete thing or idea to specify its class or type. It is the enumeration (list) of essential attributes of a term.
Genus-
It denotes the qualities of all the members of a group or ideas which are sufficient to mark the work.
Species-
Species are the groups into which the genus may divided.
Difference-
It denotes the qualities or some of the qualities which are added to Genus to form species.
Property-
It is a quality common to every member of a genus that is not confirmed to the genus and is not essential for the definition.
Example- the attributes or qualities of Cat families in carnivorous animals.
Accident-
It is a quality that may or may not be possessed by any member of a genus.
Accident can be of 2 types.
Separable accident. Example- Dressing
Inseparable accident. Example- Name of a person.
PORPHYRUS
Genus
Species
Difference
Property
Accident
Class-
A class is a group of concepts that have at least one thing in common.
This shared property gives the class its identity.
A class may be further divided into smaller classes or sub-classes and so on until no other division is possible.
Classes may consist of various types of concepts such as things parts activities and abstract concepts.
Examples-
Buildings. (schools, temples, etc.) (Things)
Parts of buildings. (doors, walls) (parts)
Building services. (joinery, glazing, plumbing) (activity)
Architectural styles. (classic, Mughal, etc) (Abstract ideas)
Characteristics-
(i) Extension-
The aggregates of characteristics covered by a term.
(ii) Intension-
Aggregates of qualities implied by the term. (specificity)
In classification the greater the extension the smaller the intention, and the smaller the extension the greater the intention.
Array-
A set of coordinate classes on the basis of a single characteristic.
Chain-
A series of terms in successive subordination that means each one is subordinate to the proceeding one.
3 Oct 2023
Classification word came from the Latin word Classis.
Classification
(i) Collection
(ii) Orderly division.
(iii) User
Dichotomy - Dichotomy
Classification is of two types.
(i) Descriptive (DDC, UDC) {Before 1950}
(ii) Dynamic (CC, Readers) {Post 1950}
Natural characteristics - Artificial characteristics
Need of classification-
For relevance or helpful sequence
Locate a particular document
Self-help
Correct replacement (Bay guide)
Shelf rectification
Mechanical management/arrangement
Definition of classification given by different personnel
WB Sayers
Management of books on shelves in the description of them in the manner which is most helpful to those who read. The arrangement of books.
Margaret Mann
The arranging of things according to the likeness of unlikeliness is to shorting and grouping of things but in addition classification of books is a knowledge classification with adjustments made necessary by the physical form of the books.
Tree of PORPHYRY - Imp Point
Classification Need
Classification brings the like documents together on a shelf in a helpful sequence providing an approach through the subject.
A library collects or preserves documents. It is very difficult to locate a required document from a system of disordered collection. So it needs classification to bring order to the collection.
Shelf help-
Classification helps the locating of documents by the patron of the library itself. Thus requiring less assistance from the library staff.
Correct replacement-
Documents would be taken out of shelves by the users or the library staff. The classification helps in the correct replacement of the documents after they have been returned from use. The classification helps the mechanization of collection by allocating notation.
Theories of library classification-
A theory refers to an organized body of principles. This principle provides guidance to practitioners of the concerned subjects. All subjects or disciplines that are backed by their theories will help them in their growth and development. The theories of library classification can be seen through two stages of evolution.
Stage 1
Descriptive theory
Which are based on past practices and on existing schemes of classification. These are profounded before 1950.
Practice —> theories
Stage 2
Dynamic theory
Which provided the basis for a sound methodology for the design of a scheme of library classification. In this case, the theory leads to practice.
Theory —> practice
Important personalities who contributed during the period of descriptive theory.
1. James Duff brown
2. EC Richardson
3. EW Hulme
4. WC Berwick Sayers
5. HE Bliss
6. SR Ranganathan
1. James duff brown (1862-1914)
Books
He gave subject classification in 1906.
He has also published 2 more schemes of classification but he was best known for his subject classification.
The basic principle advocated by brown was the “one plus theory”. He selected basic concrete things and attempted to document around them.
Example-
He suggested linking of science and applications and it’s theories.
2. EC Richardson (1860-1939)
He published “classification, theoretical and practical”(1901).
The principles of classification, he called it criteria of classification.
Classification should follow the order of things, classes should be arranged in historical and evolutionary sequence.
The motive behind classification should be the use of books.
3. EW Hulmes (1859-1954)
He published “Principle of Books Classification” (1911-12).
All classifications should be arranged in two types.
(i) Mechanical type
(ii) Philosophical type
Book classification falls under the group mechanical type.
Mechanical classification is the mechanical assembling of materials and objects into classes.
The following principles were propounded for classification.
(i) Principle of collocation. (to bring together like materials)
(ii) Principle of coordination (to arrange classes in order of their common subject matter so the gate among the related classes is closer).
(iii) Principles of the relativity of classes (to provide alternative places for classes)
(iv) Principles of literary warrant (to design the classification schedule according to the recruitment of the published literature, a concept is enumerated in the schedule only after it appears in the public literature.
4. WC Berwick Sayers (1881-1960)
Books-
· Cannons of classification (1915)
· Grammar of classification (1915)
· Introduction to library classification (1918)
· Manual of classification for librarian and bibliographers (1926)
He was the first grammarian of the library.
Sayers used the term cannons to express his ideas,
He enumerated 29 cannons divided into six categories.
(i) Definition (6)
(ii) Division (7)
(iii) Terms (4)
(iv) Book classification (4)
(v) Notation (5)
(vi) Books classification schemes (3)
These canons provided sound theoretical guidance for the designing of new classification schemes and classifying books by the existing classification schemes.
5. HE Bliss (1870-1955)
Books-
· Organization of knowledge and the system of sciences (1925)
· Organization of knowledge and on libraries and the subject approach to books (1933)
· A system of bibliographic classification (1935)
Contribution-
· Formulation of bibliographic classification
· Used the term principles to express his theories
· Formulated 32 principles which he summarized in the organization of knowledge and the system of sciences. (1929)
32 Principles-
(i) Scientific and educational contentious.
· Contentious- agreement in opinion refers to a relative agreement as to what the major classes of knowledge are to be recognized.
· What should be their scope and essential relation?
· The more closely a library classification reflects the contentious the more stable, flexible, and efficient it will be.
(ii) Subordination
A classification scheme should observe two types of subordination.
· Subordination of the special to general. (principle of decreasing extension)
· Gradation of specialty (principle of dependency)
Some subject depends for their existence on the works and findings of others, and those that so dependent so follow the discipline upon which they rely.
(iii) Collection
Bringing together in proximity subjects which are most closely related.
(iv) Alternative position
Since consensus is a relative concept, alternative positions are necessary to satisfy the different requirements.
(v) Notation
· The notation should be corelative and subsidiary.
· Brief and simple (maximum 3-4 digits in a class number)
· Use of synthetic features.
6. SR Ranganathan (1892-1972)
Ranganathan's theory of library classification was first published in his book “Prolegomena to library classification” (1937)
The book was mainly descriptive and provided comparative classification practices during that time. (1937-1957-1967)
The publication of the book's third edition has brought the dynamic theory of library classification.
The dynamic theory provided a sound and simple methodology for designing a scheme of classification.
For designing a classification scheme, Ranganathan recognized three planes of works.
(i) Idea plane
Concepts are viewed by themselves independent of the terms and the numbers representing them.
(ii) Verbal plane
Expression of concepts in natural languages.
(iii) Notational plans
Concepts are represented by a set of ordinal numbers.
· Ranganathan used Laws, Canons, and Principles to express his theory of classification.
Steps in classification
Dr Ranganathan has prescribed a procedure involving a successive step for translating the title of the document for analyzing the title of a specific subject into factors and for giving it an appropriate class number.
The steps are given below-
(i) Step Zero-
Write down the raw title. (equals to the title as found in the document)
(ii) Step One-
Full title. (title expressing each of the relevant basic and isolated ideas in the subject of documents arrived at by filling of all the ellipses of the raw titles)
Deriving the expressive titles from the raw title by filling of ellipses such as,
Basic class or any other facet implied in the raw title.
This is done by breaking down composite terms into their fundamental constituent terms according to a principle that sets a limit to the semantic depth of the fundamental terms.
(iii) Step two- Kernel terms
(full title except for the auxiliary of the apparatus words and each composite term denotes a composite idea replaced by the fundamental constituent terms which denote its fundamental constituent ideas,
(iv) Step Three- Analyzed title-
(Kernel title with each kernel term marked by a symbol which denotes the fundamental categories of which the ideas denoted by the terms is a manifestation and also the round and level to which it is assigned conformity to the postulates of classification.
This is done essentially with the help of the wall picture principle, taking two kernel terms at a time.
(v) Step four- Transformed title-
(Analytical title with the kernel title rearranged according to the symbols of analysis attached to them.
(vi) Step Five- Title in standard terms-
(Transformed title with the kernel terms replaced, wherever necessary by their respective equivalents as given in the appropriate schedules.
(vii) Step Six- Title in Facet number-
(title in standard terms with the kernel terms replaced by their equivalent numbers)
Deriving the title in facet number form the title in standard term by translating the basic class facet and every other facet into its basic class number or the isolate number, as the case may be.
(viii) Step Seven- Class number-
(got by removing the symbol of analysis and inserting the appropriate connecting symbol between the facet number in accordance with the rules.
(ix) Step Eight-
Translate the synthesized class number into natural language by way of verification. In this step carry out facet analysis of the class number, given a digit-by-digit interpretation and verifying the correctness of the number.
Example- Feeding of cattle in India.
Step zero- Feeding of cattle in India.
Step one- Feeding of cattle in India in animal husbandries
Step two- Feeding Cattle India Animal Husbandries
o The words ‘of’ and ‘in’ are auxiliary words. They are not necessary for depicting the specific subject of the document. Hence, they are omitted.
Step three- (PMEST)
Feeding (MP) Cattle(P) India(S) Animal Husbandries (BC)
o Feeding is a property hence the manifestation of matter property.
o Cattle is a group of animals, hence the manifestation personality.
o India is a geographical unit hence the manifestation of space.
o Animal husbandry is a basic class.
Step four- (Transformed title)-
Animal Husbandries (BC) Cattle(P) Feeding (MP) India(S)
The postulates prescribed that the BC will come first of all and the sequenced of facet will be [PMS] as [E] and [T] are absent in the sequence maintained is [P] [M] [S]
Step five-
Title in the standard form cattle feeding India animal husbandries all the terms used are standard terms. Therefore, there is no need to replace them.
· ( , ) P Comma
· ( ; ) M Semicolon
· ( : ) E Colon
· ( . ) S Dot / Period
· ( “ ” ) T Inverted
Step Six-
CC = KX[BC] 2[P] 1[E] 44[S]
DDC= 636[BC] 2[P] 084[E] 0945[S]
Step Seven-
DDC= 636.208 409 54
CC= KX2:1044
Here,
Step 0-4 deals with the work in idea plane
Step 5 deals with the work in verbal plane
Step 6 and 7 are notational plane
Step 8 deals with verification (examination of work in all planes)
APUPA-
Dr Ranganathan revolutionized classification in the early 20th century by proposing the dynamic and nuanced system which could easily adapt to the new subject and incorporate more details and subcategories. One of his ideas was the Alien-Penumbral-Umral-Penumbral-Alien sequence or APUPA pattern. It classifies materials based on how closely they are related to a specific topic.
He created the APUPA pattern as a method of classifying books and documents based on their relevance to their searcher.
As per this method, documents are classified into three categories.
Alien
Penumbral
Umbral
Here an Umbral document implies a relevant document that is of main interest to the members of a library.
A penumbral document is meant for the marginal interest of the readers. This type of partially relevant and in some way or some other related to our Umbral document.
An Alien document is non-relevant and thus not required by the users. We can recognize the pattern which indicates that every helpful sequence of books is APUPA pattern.
12-Oct-2013
UNIT 2-
Normative Principle-
Theory of library classification whether descriptive or dynamic are expressed through principles. The terms, Laws, Canons and principles are used simultaneously by different authors to express thesis theories.
Example- Sayers used canons whereas Bleiss used the term principles.
Ranganathan used all the 3 terms namely Laws, Canons and principle to the different levels of theories and used them under a generic term normative principle.
Normative Principle-
Ranganathan suggested 3 levels of normative principle.
Law-
It is a normative principle used in the context of a major discipline.
Example- Laws of library science.
Canons-
It is a normative principle used in the context of the division of the 1st order of major discipline.
Example- Canons of classification, Canons of cataloging.
Principles-
It is a normative principle used in the context of division of the second or later order, in the major discipline.
|
Levels |
Name
of normative principles |
|
Basic process of thinking |
Basic laws |
|
Library science |
Fundamental laws |
|
Classifications |
Canons |
|
Helpful sequence in Arrey |
Principles |
|
Works of classifying |
Postulates and principles of facet sequence |
· The term “basic laws” is used at the level of a basic process of thinking.
· “Fundamental law” is applied at the level of library science as a discipline.
· “Canon” is used in the context of divisions of the first order of the discipline of library science. Such as classification, cataloging, and book selection.
· The term “principle” is applied in the context of division of the second or later order of library science such as a helpful sequence in an array or facet sequence.
Dr. Ranganathan has recognized the following basic laws-
Law of interpretation
Law of impartiality
Law of symmetry
Law of parsimony
Law of local variation
Law of osmosis
